26 Apr Learning from the Japanese Experience – Creating an Industrial Push in Myanmar
The financial sector is a critical driver for economic reform efforts, laying the groundwork for future development and growth. Financial institutions can channel capital into productive investment projects, encouraging the mobilisation of savings by providing attractive instruments and saving vehicles. However, Myanmar’s weak financial sector has limited the country’s industrialisation process.
In Myanmar, recent political reforms and economic opening to trade and investment have set the stage for growth. Based on the World Bank’s current projections, Myanmar will be the fastest growing economy within ASEAN. Although there are concerns about the pace of economic reform under the new government, Myanmar’s overall outlook is positive, with economic growth expected to rise to 7.8 per cent in 2017 from 7 per cent in 2016.
However, a recent report published by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) suggests that Myanmar’s financial institutions have not sufficiently created a strong industrial push and are unable to complement the country’s current growth projections. To undergo successful industrialisation, weak internal mechanisms need to be improved. Corporate governance has to be strengthened, while accounting standards and auditing practices need to match international standards.
Myanmar has been closed under military rule for the past half century. In this time, international institutions have advanced, but Myanmar’s institutions have been left behind. As Myanmar begins to open up both politically and economically, there is now an opportunity for developed countries such as Japan and multi-national corporations (MNCs) alike to assist Myanmar in kick-starting its industrialisation process.
For example, in 2012, the Japanese government wrote off about US$3.7 billion in yen-dominated loans. In 2014, three Japanese mega banks (Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Mizuho Financial Group) were also granted licenses to operate in Myanmar. These foreign banks are expected to stem the credit and liquidity gap that Myanmar’s domestic banks do not have the capacity to fill, and also to facilitate greater cross border trade between Myanmar and the region. This can serve as a conduit that will connect Myanmar to the global economy. The banks also provide valuable transfer of skills and technical know-how to local Myanmar staffs, strengthening their capacity and improving standards.
The Japan-backed Thilawa Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is another positive example of how Japanese banks have helped kick-start industrialisation in Myanmar. Japanese MNCs are able to leverage on the inflow of capital provided by these banks, and access the full suite of financial services required to operate smoothly in the SEZ. In the long run, when a robust financial infrastructure is established, it can serve as the bedrock for Myanmar’s larger economy to flourish.
Myanmar’s development is happening at an uncertain and unpredictable time of for the world. Even within South-east Asia, Myanmar is also attempting to industrialise in a time when its neighbours, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, are similarly shifting their economic engines away from commodities towards manufacturing and industrialisation. The competition to attract quality foreign investments aimed at industrialisation is growing. In order for Myanmar to stay ahead of the competition, the government needs to reform its domestic economy by creating transparent and well-regulated financial institutions.
Sources:
Financial Reforms in Myanmar and Japan’s Engagement [ERIA Discussion Paper Series, November 2016]
Stable Growth Outlook for Myanmar, East Asia & Pacific in 2016 – 18 [World Bank, October 2016]
Banking on Myanmar: A Strategy for Financial Sector Reform [Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2014]
Myanmar’s Financial Sector Supporting the Country’s Economic Growth [Singapore Institute of International Affairs, Special Report, July 2015]
Myanmar Banking Sector 2025: The Way Forward [Roland Berger, September 2016]